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Zeta
C4d Monoclonal Antibody (ZM78)
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Product Details
Z2388MS
Species Reactivity
Host/Isotype
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Immunogen
Conjugate
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Product Specific Information
A recommended positive control tissue for this product is Rejected kidney, however positive controls are not limited to this tissue type.
The primary antibody is intended for laboratory professional use in the detection of the corresponding protein in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue stained in manual qualitative immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing. This antibody is intended to be used after the primary diagnosis of tumor has been made by conventional histopathology using non-immunological histochemical stains.
C4d is a stable split product remnant of classical complement activation, which becomes covalently bound to endothelium and basement membrane, after induction of the classical antibody-induced pathway. As an established marker of antibody-mediated acute renal allograft rejection and its proclivity for endothelium, this component can be detected in peritubular capillaries in both chronic renal allograft rejection as well as hyperacute rejection, acute vascular rejection, acute cellular rejection, and borderline rejection. It has been shown to be a significant predictor of transplant kidney graft survival and is an aid in treating acute rejection.
Antibody is used with formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections. Pretreatment of deparaffinized tissue with heat-induced epitope retrieval or enzymatic retrieval is recommended. In general, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining techniques allow for the visualization of antigens via the sequential application of a specific antibody to the antigen (primary antibody), a secondary antibody to the primary antibody (link antibody), an enzyme complex and a chromogenic substrate with interposed washing steps. The enzymatic activation of the chromogen results in a visible reaction product at the antigen site. Results are interpreted using a light microscope and aid in the differential diagnosis of pathophysiological processes, which may or may not be associated with a particular antigen.
A positive tissue control must be run with every staining procedure performed. This tissue may contain both positive and negative staining cells or tissue components and serve as both the positive and negative control tissue. External Positive control materials should be fresh autopsy/biopsy/surgical specimens fixed, processed and embedded as soon as possible in the same manner as the patient sample (s). Positive tissue controls are indicative of correctly prepared tissues and proper staining methods. The tissues used for the external positive control materials should be selected from the patient specimens with well-characterized low levels of the positive target activity that gives weak positive staining. The low level of positivity for external positive controls is designed to ensure detection of subtle changes in the primary antibody sensitivity from instability or problems with the staining methodology. A tissue with weak positive staining is more suitable for optimal quality control and for detecting minor levels of reagent degradation.
Internal or external negative control tissue may be used depending on the guidelines and policies that govern the organization to which the end user belongs to. The variety of cell types present in many tissue sections offers internal negative control sites, but this should be verified by the user. The components that do not stain should demonstrate the absence of specific staining, and provide an indication of non-specific background staining. If specific staining occurs in the negative tissue control sites, results with the patient specimens must be considered invalid.
Target Information
C4 is a component of the classical complement pathway and is split by activated C1s to C4a and C4b. Together C2a and C4b forms the classical C3 convertase. The molecular mass of C4 is 204 kDa and it consists of 3 subunits: a (97 kDa), b (75 kDa) and g (33 kDa).
For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures. Not for resale without express authorization.
References (0)
Bioinformatics
Protein Aliases: acidic C4; Acidic complement C4; Basic complement C4; C3 and PZP-like alpha-2-macroglobulin domain-containing protein 2; C3 and PZP-like alpha-2-macroglobulin domain-containing protein 3; c4 complement; C4A anaphylatoxin; C4D; Chido form of C4; Complement C4-A; Complement C4-B; complement C4B1a; DADB-112B14.11; FLJ60561; MGC164979; MHC class III region complement; Rodgers form of C4
Gene Aliases: C4; C4A; C4A2; C4A3; C4A4; C4A6; C4AD; C4B; C4B1; C4B12; C4B2; C4B3; C4B5; C4B_2; C4BD; C4F; C4S; CH; CO4; CPAMD2; CPAMD3; RG
UniProt ID: (Human) P0C0L4, (Human) P0C0L5
Entrez Gene ID: (Human) 720, (Human) 721, (Human) 100293534
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If an Invitrogen™ antibody doesn't perform as described on our website or datasheet,we'll replace the product at no cost to you, or provide you with a credit for a future purchase.*
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